I’m feeling lonely out on this limb, but I think I will defend Bernanke and criticize Woodford ((and admit I only read the concluding section and the first two sections on foreward guidance of his talk) *.pdf but no warning. Open it). Medium and long term Treasury rates are extraordinarily low. It seems to me that we can deduce three things from this.
1) Pessimism about real GDP
2) Low expected inflation
3) Bond traders are confident that the Fed will keep the target federal funds rate at essentially zero for a good long while (at least through 2015 see this)
Krugman and the league of reality based economists like to stress points 1 and 2, but point 3 is just as solid. No possible forward guidance can get the 5 year rate under 0.
The Krugman/Woodford/Eggertsson/(apologies to those I missed) point always was that even if the monetary authority can’t get the safe short term rate lower, it *might* be able to influence the safe short term rate expected to hold a few years in the future. But how much lower can that expected rate go? The 5 year rate was 0.66% the last time I checked. It is hard to imagine that Bernanke can make credible promises about policy after the end of his current term. A negative real federal funds rate is very very far from normal (I’d say normal is about 2 % real). There is every sign that the Fed has given about all the forward guidance to bond traders that can be given.
OK my thoughts on Woodfords thoughts and empirical work on forward guidance. First I will refer to figures but not cut and paste them (not respect for copyright but laziness). Please click the links. My only real point is that all of the shifts in interest rates are tiny. The largest is on the order of 0.15%. Even if interpreted as a shift in predicted short rates due to a shift in beliefs about the monetary authorities future policy, this just can’t be a big deal. The results are consistent with important additional benefits from a 15 or maybe a 10 year commitment to extremely low interest rates. But the current monetary authorities just can’t do that, because they probably won’t be in office.
After the jump I work through the first two sections on monetary guidance.
I note that the theory of forward guidance section ends with warnings about how difficult it is to make such a policy work
These matters are not simple
ones, and require considerable attention to the way the central bank communicates
about its objectives, procedures and decisions. The problem is all the more difficultwhen one must communicate about how an unprecedented situation will be dealt with.
But the part which really bothers me is the discussion of empirical evidence of effects of forward policy guidance. Section 1.2.1 “Does Central Bank Speech Matter” (which really should be titled “does central Bank Speech other than explicit forward guidance matter”) concludes
“one cannot say that these results provide clear
evidence of an ability to change beliefs about the reaction function.”
The next section on explicit forward guidance includes the disclaimer
“It is therefore of interest to consider what has happened on these occasions, even if one cannot do formal hypothesis tests with such a small sample of events, each rather unique.”
I’m not sure I agree. The number of data points is equal to the number of transactions in financial markets. Figure 1 seems to show statistically significant evidence of a drop of expected future overnight interest rates of about 10 to 15 whole basis points. Wow. This could be expected to have uh not much effect on anything anyone cares about because 15 basis points sure aint a lot.
Woodford is a very smart guy but when he writes
“It is useful to note not only that OIS rates for maturities as long as six to twelve months fall, but that the longer maturities fall more; that is, not only does the OIS yield curve fall in response to the announcement, but it flattens.”
He uses bold face type to discuss a difference of 2 or 3 basis points.
But wait, there’s more. The 10-15 percent decline at the time of the announcement on April 21 2009 didn’t last
“One also observes from Figure 2 that, during the first week of June the forward rate shot up again, to a level greater than 50 basis points (and higher than in the period before the “conditional commitment”).
This is evidence presented by someone who concludes that forward guidance is important – that an extraordinary (perhaps unprecedented) announcement managed to get 12 month rates to decline by up to 15 basis points for about 40 days and 40 nights.
Woodford goes on to discuss Fed announcements. First he notes a decrease of about 10 basis points again. Then he stresses in Figure 4 a decline of around 5 basis points (cheating on the timing one can get it up to around 10 basis points). Figure 4 has a scale from 5 to 25 basis points. The legend includes the note that instead of the 5 year rate, the graph shows the 5 year rate minus 50 basis points. I can’t make decent figures to save my life, but that’s unusual. Almost substantively it may be Kosher but is not Kosher for passover to make a tiny change look large by graphing comparable variables on different scales. Also really Five (5) basis points.
Woodford also discusses evidence other than event studies and then writes
while market movements during a very short time window around an announcement can reasonably be attributed to news contained in the announcement, developments since 2010 of the kind shown in Figures 5 through 8 might alternatively be attributed simply to market participants’ increasing doubts that conditions would warrant an increase in the funds rate target anytime soon, for reasons unrelated to the FOMC’s statements.
In other words nothing much to see in figures 5 through 8. He does however note that the median blue chip forecaster made a forecast of the duration of extremely low federal funds rate which corresponded to the FOMCs prediction. That evidence in figure 5 tends to suggest (just using the median as the only summary statistic) very little room for a larger effect on forecasts of policy based on a (cross my heart and hope to die and if I break my word all shall know that I am no gentleman and should feel free to spit on me) promise not a hedged conditional prediction. The evidence presented in figure 5 has no effect whatsoever on Woodford’s concluding section in which he discusses how the Fed could give more effective forward guidance. There is so far in the paper at most a few basis points of evidence that Canadian or US forward guidance could possibly be more convincing.
Oh noooo it seems I am disagreeing with Lars Svensson too
In a review of Sweden’s experience, Deputy Governor Lars Svensson (2010) argues that, through December 2008, the Riksbank had been relatively successful at “managing expectations” through its policy.
So what about evidence ? Case 1
The result is that an announcement that was intended to shift down the anticipated
forward path of rates, by announcing that a low rate would be maintained untilthe beginning of 2011, and so to immediately lower longer-term interest rates, hadexactly the opposite effect: long rates rose, because the entire anticipated forward path of rates shifted up. What went wrong?
Figure 10 shows a shift in the wrong direction of roughly a big big 15 basis points. The average shift in the event studies is no longer around 0.1% but rather more like 0.05%
Next
Svensson (2010) argues instead that survey data on traders’ forecasts of inflation and growth indicate that they were no more optimistic than the Riksbank, and hence that market participants simply did not accept the Riksbank’s forecasts about its own future approach to policy.
So now I feel less bad about disagreeing with Svensson too, since Svensson too disputes the claim made by Svensson. Also Woodford seems to dispute Svensson’s claim
If so, it would seem that the attempt to use forward guidance more aggressively after April 2009 has been associated with a loss of market confidence in the informativeness of the Riksbank’s projections. Whether it will return once macroeconomic conditions have normalized remains to be seen.
But in any case all of the interest rate shifts discussed in the empirical section are so tiny as to matter little. So three out of four have the desired sign. Wow.
And this in a speech on the importance of forward guidance ! What could a skeptic add ?
OK the standard 2 disclaimers. Woodford also discusses the direct effect of purchases of risky assets on the risk that private investors feel they are bearing so on asset prices and so on the economy. He advocates the purchase of more MBS. I absolutely agree with that.
Also, of course, it is better to light one small candle that curse against the darkness. If indeed more vigorous efforts to influenc forecasts of future monetary policy will have only a small positive effect, then they definitely should be made.
A very strange aspect of the discussion is that people who are sure that it would be easy for monetary authorities to get economies back to full employment quickly are de facto allies of people who expect the effects of shifts in monetary policy to be small but of the right sign. Both agree on what is to be done, so almost no one stresses the huge scientific disagreements.
“There is every sign that the Fed has given about all the forward guidance to bond traders that can be given.”
You’ve merely begged the question. This is the very point that you need to prove against Woodford in order to make your case, but all you’ve done is declare victory and departed. In order to argue against Woodford, you have to show that there cannot be further effect from forward guidance. (There is the other problem, of course – that bond traders are not ultimately the target audience for Fed policy. See the inflation stuff below.) The same problem, by the way, when you declare that 15 basis points “sure ain’t a lot.” You don’t get to just say so. How much is “a lot” needs to be discovered.
“”It is therefore of interest to consider what has happened on these occasions, even if one cannot do formal hypothesis tests with such a small sample of events, each rather unique.”
I’m not sure I agree. The number of data points is equal to the number of transactions in financial markets.”
OK, when doing statistical analysis, you have to define precisely how you want to do the analysis. Neither you now Woodford has, but it’s clear you have very different analytic designs in mind. He wants to examine individual instances of forward guidance. You want to examine individual responses to forward guidance – only aggregated, so it’s not individual any more, so the many, many data points you have in mind aren’t individually available for analysis – so you haven’t done much for degrees of freedom. Not only is it pretty clear that the test he Woodford has in mind different from the one you have in mind, but…oops…what you’ve suggested is a sort of CNBC-ish view that you can look at prices and determine how much of price change in some instrument is the result of forward guidance. CNBC folks are wrong when they make such claims, and unless you mean something very different from what you seem to mean, you are wrong as well. You staring at some prices and deciding what they mean is a far cry from objective analysis.
That slide away from objectivity is one of the reasons the Woodford’s of the world assume a modest agnosticism in cases like this one. He knows that in order to do valid analysis, he needs discreet episodes of the independent variable(s) in order to assess the response of the dependent variable(s). He demures because he doesn’t have the discreet episodes he needs. You just claim that each exchange in the market as a discreet data point, but you are actually looking at the aggregate results of bunches of decisions – not discreet points.
Finally, your argument seems entirely aimed at interest rates. Yeah, we are interesting in interest rates, but only as a measure of what else is going on. Isn’t the point to Woodford’s argument that he can get a change in real economic behavior in the near term through central bank commitments about the medium term? Specifically, isn’t his point the same one that central bankers rely on when easing conventionally, not at the zero bound – that if you buy today, you can avoid the higher prices that central bank policy will generate tomorrow? Woodford recognizes that there is some serious work to be done to make an inflationary threat credible – he is not cagey about that at all. However, until you address the goal of the exercise – whether the threat of future “irresponsible” central bank behavior can change behavior today – you really haven’t put much of a dent in Woodford’s argument.
“…people who are sure that it would be easy for monetary authorities to get economies back to full employment quickly…”
I’m afraid this is a straw man. I don’t know of serious economist who thinks that monetary policy can easily return the US economy to full employment right now. Surely none of the featured folks at Jackson Hole. None of their standard protagonists do, either.
…antagonists… (crud)
Actually, according to Ibbotson et al. the real rate for long term Treasuries is about 0.0%, not 2%.
@Will Hutchinson I was talking about the normal times rate — the rate to expect in say 5 or 10 years not the current very low rate.
Kharris. I didn’t claim that there was statistically significant evidence of an effect of forward guidance without doing any statistical analysis. I said that there might be “might” makes right. The way to do it would be to analyse the transaction by transaction time series. They don’t do that at CNBC so your insulting comparison is totally invalid as you must know.
In any case you are criticizing an analysis which doesn’t exist and which I don’t claim to have performed. Sure it is incomplete and unconvincing, since it hasn’t even been started and exists only in your fantasies.
The rest of your comment shows that you just didn’t understand the post. Note the post includes an assumption and discusses its implications (we economists do that a lot — in this case I think it is a legitimate way to focus on one set of issues and also that Woodford has at least implicitly accepted the assumption). The assumption is that the FOMC affects the economy through the federal funds rate and beliefs about future federal funds rates. Given that assumption, interest rates are the only thing to focus on.
You believe in the theory of immaculate inflation such that the FOMC can influence expected inflation without changing expected future FOMC policy.
Wow, we have a touchy little boy, haven’t we. You have offered a criticism of Woodford. There is either something to it, or there isn’t. When I point out there is nothing to your criticism, your defense is that the research to back up your point has been done, so your criticism is OK? I’m not sure that’s right, but it’s all I can get from your response.
You are right. Nobody has ever analyzed trade by trade price responses to forward guidance. That was rather my point. You may take offense at the CNBC comparison, but if the shoe fits…
Now, I’d be pleased as punch to see you flesh out your points about Woodford, to find that there is an argument here that was not apparent to me from your first draft. So far, what you’ve done is to get testy. Testy is not really a convincing argument.
Now, what you seem to have fallen back on two claims. One is that I don’t understand. The “we economists” bit was particularly cute. The other is to claim that I have a view – “immaculate inflation” as you have cribbed the term from the big boys. The problem here, you see, is that declaring the other guy doesn’t understand is about the cheapest rebuttal there is. Imposing views on the other guy is right down there, too.
Your response to seems to address my “view” of monetary economics and central banking, when I didn’t offer one, which makes me think you really just shot from the hip. My point was that you hadn’t made ANY real argument. That what you had done was to beg a bunch of questions. So I think you’ve made a mess both of your original argument and your touchy response to me.
Now, as I wrote up a little higher, I’d be pleased to find that you actually have an argument. You claim I’ve misunderstood, and then stooped to a bunch of petty blather. Show me I’ve misunderstood. Actually make your point, in writing, right here.
I have read first sentence of your latest comment. I don’t recall if I have said this before, but just for future reference, I don’t plan to read any of your comments in the future.
The earlier comments which I read (I read all up to the word “boy”) demonstrated a total failure to understand the issues.