…Friedman to the rescue, who in a 1968 presidential address argued that inflation also depended on inflation expectations, which meant the long run Phillips curve was vertical and there was…

…and employment from 0% to 100%. The z-vertical has a range from 0% to 10% profit rate in the picture. Profit rates climb upwards on the back of the cobra…

…graph is 1.7%. The vertical dashed green line shows where capacity utilization is now at 75.2%. The solid red line shows the path of the estimated Fed rate. The Fed…

…income per capita as a percentage of the EU average from about 1955 to 2012, with important dates noted as vertical lines. Notice that Ireland doesn’t get above 60-65% until…

…from output to calculate net “income” (green). The length of each vertical line measures the values of output and income, respectively for a work week of the length indicated by…

…like during the Obama years: Obama had a 1:1 approval vs. disapproval spread on Election Day 2012 (vertical red line), and managed to win re-election. But on Election Days 2010…

…graph…. consider the cell with t to t+3 on the horizontal and 50 years on the vertical. That cell has 62.1% in it. That indicates that of the 29 fifty…

…hot new idea in macroeconomics was that the long run Phillips curve is vertical so inflation varies but unemployment stays near the natural rate and average unemployment over medium long…

…(vertical axis): Republicans were completely shut out in districts with less than 50% white populations. With one exception, they were also shut out in majority white districts with more than…

…agreed that, in the long run, it is vertical. The reason for the thought that it might be horizontal is that large important countries have unemployment lower than estimated non…